Consider the lobster and other essays

Consider the lobster and other essays

Biological immortality (sometimes referred to as bio-indefinite mortality) is a state in which the rate of mortality from senescence is stable or decreasing, thus decoupling it from chronological age. Various unicellular and multicellular species, including some vertebrates, achieve this state either throughout their existence or after living long enough Consider The Lobster And Other Essays|David Foster Wallace, Julius Caesar, And The Foundation Of The Roman Imperial System|W Warde Fowler, Working In Computing|Careers & Occupational Information Centre, An Introduction To Yoga: An Outline Of Yoga|Annie Annie Besant May 08,  · It Consider The Lobster And Other Essays By David Foster Wallace is so passionate and creative that I was impressed. Thanks Consider The Lobster And Other Essays By David Foster Wallace again! Janice Reyes. Published: 12 Jun Thanks for your help! I like everything about the paper – the content, formatting

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Biological immortality sometimes referred to as bio-indefinite mortality is a state in which the rate of mortality from senescence is stable or decreasing, thus decoupling it from chronological age. Various unicellular and multicellular species, including some vertebrates, achieve this state either throughout their existence or after living long enough.

A biologically immortal living being can still die from means other than senescence, such as through injuryconsider the lobster and other essaysdiseaselack of available resources, or changes to environment. This definition of immortality has been challenged in the Handbook of consider the lobster and other essays Biology of Aging[1] because the increase in rate of mortality as a function of chronological age may be negligible at extremely old agesan idea referred to as the late-life mortality plateau.

The rate of mortality may cease to increase in old age, but in most cases that rate is typically very high. The term is also used by biologists to describe cells that are not subject to the Hayflick limit on how many times they can divide.

Biologists chose the word "immortal" to designate cells that are not subject to the Hayflick limitthe point at which cells can no longer divide due to DNA damage or shortened telomeres. Prior to Leonard Hayflick 's theory, Alexis Carrel hypothesized that all normal somatic cells were immortal. The term "immortalization" was first applied to cancer cells that expressed the telomere-lengthening enzyme telomeraseand thereby avoided apoptosis —i. cell death caused consider the lobster and other essays intracellular mechanisms.

Among the most commonly used cell lines are HeLa and Jurkatboth of which are immortalized cancer cell lines. HeLa cells originated from a sample of cervical cancer taken from Henrietta Lacks in Immortal cell lines of cancer cells can be created by induction of oncogenes or loss of tumor suppressor genes.

One way to induce immortality is through viral -mediated induction of the large T-antigen[10] commonly introduced through simian virus 40 SV According to the Animal Aging and Longevity Database, the list of animals with negligible aging along with estimated longevity in the wild includes: [12]. Inscientists working for Calicoa company owned by Alphabetpublished a paper in the journal eLife which presents possible evidence that Heterocephalus glaber Naked mole rat do not face increased mortality risk due to aging.

Many unicellular organisms age: as time passes, they divide more slowly and ultimately die. Consider the lobster and other essays dividing bacteria and yeast also age. However, symmetrically dividing bacteria and yeast can be biologically immortal under ideal growing conditions. However, if the parent asymmetrically buds off a daughter only the daughter is reset to the youthful state—the parent isn't restored and will go on to age and die.

In a similar manner stem cells and gametes can be regarded as "immortal". Hydras are a genus of the Cnidaria phylum. All cnidarians can regenerate, allowing them to recover from injury and to reproduce asexually. Hydras are simple, freshwater animals possessing radial symmetry and contain post- mitotic cells cells that will never divide again only in the extremities.

In a four-year study, 3 cohorts of hydra did not show an increase in mortality with age. It is possible that these animals live much longer, considering that they reach maturity in 5 to 10 days. Turritopsis dohrniior Turritopsis nutriculais a small 5 millimeters 0. This cycle can repeat indefinitely, potentially rendering it biologically immortal. This organism originated in the Caribbean seabut has now spread around the world, consider the lobster and other essays.

Research suggests that lobsters may not slow down, weaken, or lose fertility with age, and that older lobsters may be more fertile than younger lobsters. This does not however make them immortal in the traditional sense, as they are significantly more likely to die at a shell moult the older they get as detailed below.

Their longevity may be due to telomerasean enzyme that repairs long repetitive sections of DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes, referred to as telomeres. Telomerase is expressed by most vertebrates during embryonic stages but is generally absent from adult stages of life. Lobsters grow by moulting which requires a lot of energy, and the larger the shell the more energy is required.

Older lobsters are also known to stop moulting, which means that the shell will eventually become damaged, infected, or fall apart and they die. Planarian flatworms have both sexually and asexually consider the lobster and other essays types. Studies on genus Schmidtea mediterranea suggest these planarians appear to regenerate i. heal indefinitely, and asexual individuals have an "apparently limitless [telomere] regenerative capacity fueled by a population of highly proliferative adult stem cells".

during reproduction by fission or when regeneration is induced by amputationwhereas sexual animals restore telomeres by extension during sexual reproduction or during embryogenesis like other sexual species. Homeostatic telomerase activity observed in both asexual and sexual animals is not sufficient to maintain telomere length, whereas the increased activity in regenerating asexuals is sufficient to renew telomere length For sexually reproducing planaria: "the lifespan of individual planarian can be as long as 3 years, likely due to the ability of neoblasts to constantly replace aging cells".

Whereas for asexually reproducing planaria: "individual animals in clonal lines of some planarian species replicating by fission have been maintained for over 15 years".

In in Russia, and then in the United States, consider the lobster and other essays, Israel, and the Netherlands, pro-immortality transhumanist political parties were launched.

They aim to make it possible to provide access to such technologies to the majority of people alive today. From Wikipedia, consider the lobster and other essays, the free encyclopedia.

State in which the rate of mortality from senescence is stable or decreasing. Not to be confused with immortalised cell line. Main articles: Consider the lobster and other essays culture and Immortalised cell line. Further information: Lobster § Longevity. Main article: Anti-aging movement. Aging brain American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine Calico company Cryptobiosis DNA damage theory of aging Maximum life span Methuselah Foundation Reliability theory of aging and longevity Rejuvenation aging Strategies for engineered negligible senescence SENS Telomerase in cancer cell Timeline of senescence research.

Austad, S. Handbook of the Biology of Aging Sixth ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. ISBN Rose; Casandra L. Rauser; Laurence D. Mueller Nov—Dec Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. doi : PMID S2CID Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks.

Baltimore City Paper. Archived from the original on Retrieved Retrieved 17 September University of Cambridge. Mueller Bibcode : PNAS PMC Cell Biology International.

Archived from the original on 27 January Retrieved 27 January Science Magazine - AAAS. Archived from the original on 26 January DeSantis3, James Shorter3, Simon Alberti1, Thilo Gross2, 5, consider the lobster and other essays, Iva M. ISSN Developmental Biology. Experimental Gerontology. CiteSeerX Archived PDF from the original on Marine Biology. PLOS ONE. Bibcode : PLoSO.

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. FEBS Letters. Consider the Lobster and Other Essays. Archived from the original on October 12, Tan; Ruman Rahman; Farah Jaber-Hijazi; Daniel A. Felix; Chen Chen; Edward J. Bibcode : PNAS. Who Wants it?

Archived from the original on 29 April Retrieved 4 April Fight Aging!. July 27, Archived from the original on January 16,

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Biological immortality - Wikipedia

Nov 16,  · A glove’s cuff is something else to consider when trying to keep the chill on the outside where it belongs. One that’s loose-fitting and/or stops at the wrist won’t do as good of a job as Nov 24,  · Consider the lobster rhetorical analysis essay essay public speaking text dietetic internship essay examples personal Dental essays statement. Love and death essay steps of case study research tribute to a mentor essay. Exemple sujet de dissertation culture gnrale, feminism in the color purple essays, tips for vmcas essays Biological immortality (sometimes referred to as bio-indefinite mortality) is a state in which the rate of mortality from senescence is stable or decreasing, thus decoupling it from chronological age. Various unicellular and multicellular species, including some vertebrates, achieve this state either throughout their existence or after living long enough